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The vaccination of bats will contribute to obtain and maintain the rabies-free state in the nations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33064/iycuaa2019772125Abstract
Rabies is highly contagious and has a mortality close to 100%. Patients who have the disease, manifest very severe symptoms such as irritability and excessive pain. The efforts of worldwide vaccination of companion animals have allowed control of the disease, practically leading to eradication. This status is lost if we do not consider that not only pets can transmit the disease. There is probability of human contagion through wildlife. In the present work, the intention was to determine the main source of contagion that causes the nations to lose the status of eradication of rabies. Findings show that a means of critical contagion is the transmission of rabies by bats, regardless of their eating habits, so strategies proposed intend to achieve the goal of eradicating rabies worldwide.
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References
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• Fooks, A. R., McElhinney, L. M., Pounder, D. J., Finnegan, C. J., Mansfield, K., Johnson, N.,. . . Nathwani, D. (2003). Case report: Isolation of a European bat lyssavirus type 2a from a fatal human case of rabies encephalitis. Journal of Medical Virology, 71(2), 281-289. doi:10.1002/jmv.10481
• Gardner, A. L. (1977). Feeding habits (II). Lubbock, US: Texas Tech Press.
• Greenhall, A. M., Joermann, G., & Schmidt, U. (1983). Desmodus rotundus. Mammalian Species, 202, 1-6.
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• Hattwick, M. A., Weis, T. T., Stechschulte, C. J., Baer, G. M., & Gregg, M. B. (1972). Recovery from rabies. A case report. Annals of Internal Medicine, 76(6), 931-942.
• Horton, D. L., McElhinney, L. M., Marston, D. A., Wood, J. L., Russell, C. A., Lewis, N., . . . Smith, D. J. (2010). Quantifying antigenic relationships among the lyssaviruses. Journal of Virology, 84(22), 11841-11848. doi:10.1128/JVI.01153-10
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• Jackson, A. C. (2007). Pathogenesis. En W. W. Jackson & W. H. Wunner (Eds.), Rabies (2a. ed., pp. 341-381). San Diego: Academic Press.
• Johnson, N., Vos, A., Freuling, C., Tordo, N., Fooks, A. R., & Muller, T. (2010). Human rabies due to lyssavirus infection of bat origin. Veterinay Microbiology, 142(3-4), 151-159. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.001
• Kotait, I., Carrieri, M. L., Carnieli, P., Galera Castilho, J., de Novaes Oliveira, R., Macedo, C. I.,… Achkar, S. M. (2007). Wildlife reservoirs of rabies virus: A new challenge to a public health. Boletim Epidemiológico Paulista, 4(40), 2-8.
• Liu, Y., Chen, Q., Zhang, F., Zhang, S., Li, N., Lian, H.,. . . Hu, R. (2013). Evaluation of rabies biologics against Irkut virus isolated in China. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 51(11), 3499-3504. doi:10.1128/JCM.01565-13
• Llamas López, L., & Orozco Plascencia, E. (2009). Rabia: Infección viral del sistema nervioso central. Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia, 10(3), 212-219.
• Madhusudana, S. N., Subha, S., Thankappan, U., & Ashwin, Y. B. (2012). Evaluation of a direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT) for rapid diagnosis of rabies in animals and humans. Virologica Sinica, 27(5), 299-302. doi: 10.1007/s12250-012-3265-6
• Malerczyk, C., Freuling, C., Gniel, D., Giesen, A., Selhorst, T., & Muller, T. (2014). Cross-neutralization of antibodies induced by vaccination with Purified Chick Embryo Cell Vaccine (PCECV) against different Lyssavirus species. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 10(10), 2799-2804. doi: 10.4161/21645515.2014.972741
• Martínez-Fonseca, J. G. (2014). Lasiurus cinereus. Murciélago gris [Fotografía]. En Murciélagos de la región metropolitana de Santiago, Chile (p. 31, 51 pp.). Chile: Seremi del Medio Ambiente Región Metropolitana de Santiago-Universidad Santo Tomás-Programa para la Conservación de los Murciélagos de Chile (PCMCh).
• Maton, P. N., Pollard, J. D., & Davis, J. N. (1976). Human rabies encephalomyelitis. British Medical Journal, 1(6017), 1038-1040.
• Nokireki, T., Jakava-Viljanen, M., Virtala, A. M., & Sihvonen, L. (2017). Efficacy of rabies vaccines in dogs and cats and protection in a mouse model against European bat lyssavirus type 2. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 59(1), 64. doi: 10.1186/s13028-017-0332-x
• Nokireki, T., Tammiranta, M., Kokkonen, U.-M., Kantala, T., & Gadd, T. (2018). Tentative novel lyssavirus in a bat in Finland. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65(3), 593-596. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12833
• Oliveira Fahl, W., Estevez García, A. I., Achkar, S. M., Mori, E., Asano, K. M., Iamamoto, K., & Correa Ssheffer, K. (2015). Rabia transmitida por murciélagos en Brasil. Acta Biológica Colombiana, 20(3), 21-35. doi: 10.15446/abc.v20n3.45481
• Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal. (25 de mayo de 2010). La peste bovina no matará más [Comunicado de prensa]. Recuperado de http://www.oie.int/es/para-losperiodistas/comunicados-de-prensa/detalle/article/no-moredeaths-from-rinderpest/
• Passos de Lima, I., dos Reis, N. R., Rodrigues Nogueira, M., & Filho, H. O. (2006). Capítulo 7. Orden Chiroptera. En N. R. Reis, A. L. Peracchi, W. A. Pedro, & I. P. Lima (Eds.), Mamíferos do Brasil (pp. 153-230). Londrina: Universidade Estadual de Londrina.
• Pounder, D. (2003). Bat rabies. BMJ, 326(7392), 726. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7392.726
• Pulmanausahakul, R., Li, J., Schnell, M. J., & Dietzschold, B. (2008). The glycoprotein and the matrix protein of rabies virus affect pathogenicity by regulating viral replication and facilitating cell-to-cell spread. Journal of Virology, 82(5), 2330-2338. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02327-07
• Romano, M. C., Maidagan, J. I., & Pire, E. F. (1999). Behaviour and demography in urban colony of Tadarida brasiliensis (Chiroptera, Molossidae) in Rosario, Argentina. Revista de Biología Tropical, 47(4), 1121-1127.
• Rose, V. L. (1999). CDC issues revised guidelines for the prevention of human rabies. American Family Physician, 59(7), 2007-2008, 2013-2014.
• Ross, E., & Armentrout, S. A. (1962). Myocarditis associated with rabies. Report of a case. The New England Journal of Medicine, 266, 1087-1089. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196205242662105
• Rupprecht, C. E., Barrett, J., Briggs, D., Cliquet, F., Fooks, A. R., Lumlertdacha, B.,. . . Wandeler, A. I. (2008). Can rabies be eradicated? Development in Biologial (Basel), 131, 95-121.
• Rupprecht, C. E., Hanlon, C. A., & Hemachudha, T. (2002). Rabies re-examined. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2(6), 327-343.
• Rupprecht, C. E., Hanlon, C. A., & Slate, D. (2004). Oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: Opportunities and challenges in prevention and control. Developments in Biologicals (Basel), 119, 173-184.
• Rupprecht, C. E., Stöhr, K., & Meredith, C. (2001). Chapter 1. Rabies. En E. S. Williams & I. K. Barker (Eds.), Infectious disease of wild mammals (pp. 3-36). Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
• Secretaría de Salud. (2011). Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-011-SSA2-2011. Diario Oficial de la Federación, 8 de diciembre de 2011.
• __________ (2016). Situación de los casos de rabia canina. Rabia canina en México [Base de datos]. Recuperada de https://www.gob.mx/salud/acciones-y-programas/situacionde-los-casos-de-rabia-canina
• Singh, R., Singh, K. P., Cherian, S., Saminathan, M., Kapoor, S., Manjunatha Reddy, G. B.,. . . Dhama, K. (2017). Rabiesepidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: A comprehensive review. Veterinary Quarterly, 37(1), 212-251. doi: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1343516
• Velasco-Villa A., Escobar, L. E., Sánchez, A., Shi, M., Streicker, D. G., Gallardo-Romero, N. F.,…Emerson, G. (2017a). Successful strategies implemented towards the elimination of canine rabies in the Western Hemisphere. Antiviral Research, 143, 1-12.
doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.023
• Velasco-Villa, A., Mauldin, M. R., Shi, M., Escobar, L. E., Gallardo-Romero, N. F., Damon, I.,…Emerson, G. (2017b). The history of rabies in the Western Hemisphere. Antiviral Research, 146, 221-232. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.013
• Warrell, M. J., & Warrell, D. A. (2004). Rabies and other lyssavirus diseases. The Lancet, 363(9413), 959-969. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15792-9
• Whittaker, R. J., & Jones, S. H. (1994). The role of frugivorous bats and birds in the rebuilding of a tropical forest ecosystem, Krakatau, Indonesia. Journal of Biogeography, 21(3), 245-258. doi: 10.2307/2845528
• World Health Organization. (2010). Updated WHO position paper on rabies vaccines [Documento en pdf]. Recuperado de http://www.who.int/immunization/Rabies_slides_Aug_2010.pdf
• __________ (2013). WHO expert consultation on rabies. Second Report. En WHO Technical Report Series. Switzerland: Autor. Recuperado de http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85346/1/9789240690943_eng.pdf
• __________ (2017). 10 datos sobre la rabia [Serie de diapositivas]. Recuperada de http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/rabies/es/
• Yamaoka, S., Ito, N., Ohka, S., Kaneda, S., Nakamura, H., Agari, T.,…Sugiyama, M. (2013). Involvement of the rabies virus phosphoprotein gene in neuroinvasiveness. Journal of Virology, 12327-12338.
• Yousaf, M. Z., Qasim, M., Zia, S., Khan, M. R., Ashfaq, U. A., & Khan, S. (2012). Rabies molecular virology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Virology Journal, 9, 50. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-9-50
• Zárate-Martínez, D. G., Serrato Díaz, A., & López-Wilchis, R. (2012). Importancia ecológica de los murciélagos. Contacto S, 85, 19-27.
• Aldunate, F. (2015). La erradicación de enfermedades en el mundo, es posible gracias a la inmunización. Boletin de Farmacovigilancia Vacunas, sección Ten Presente, 1.
• Bernard, K. W. (1984). Clinical rabies in humans. En W. G. Winkler (Ed.), Rabies concepts for medical professionals. Miami, FL, US: Merieux Institute.
• Dos Reis, N. R., Peracchi, A. L., Pedro, W. A., & Lima, I. P. (Eds.). (2007). Morcegos do Brasil. Londrina, Brasil: Universidade Estadual de Londrina.
• Escobar, L. E., Townsend Peterson, A., Favi, M., Yung, V., & Medina-Vogel, G. (2015). Bat-borne rabies in Latin America. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 57(1), 63-72. doi: 10.1590/S0036-46652015000100009
• Fisher, C. R., Streicker, D. G., & Schnell, M. J. (2018). The spread and evolution of rabies virus: Conquering new frontiers. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(4), 241-255.
• Fooks, A. R., McElhinney, L. M., Pounder, D. J., Finnegan, C. J., Mansfield, K., Johnson, N.,. . . Nathwani, D. (2003). Case report: Isolation of a European bat lyssavirus type 2a from a fatal human case of rabies encephalitis. Journal of Medical Virology, 71(2), 281-289. doi:10.1002/jmv.10481
• Gardner, A. L. (1977). Feeding habits (II). Lubbock, US: Texas Tech Press.
• Greenhall, A. M., Joermann, G., & Schmidt, U. (1983). Desmodus rotundus. Mammalian Species, 202, 1-6.
• Hankins, D. G., & Rosekrans, J. A. (2004). Overview, prevention, and treatment of rabies. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 79(5), 671-676. doi: 10.1016/S0025-6196(11)62291-X
• Hanlon, C. A., Niezgoda, M., & Rupprecht, C. E. (2007). Rabies in terrestrial animals En Rabies (2a. ed., pp. 201-258). San Diego, US: Academic Press.
• Hattwick, M. A., Weis, T. T., Stechschulte, C. J., Baer, G. M., & Gregg, M. B. (1972). Recovery from rabies. A case report. Annals of Internal Medicine, 76(6), 931-942.
• Horton, D. L., McElhinney, L. M., Marston, D. A., Wood, J. L., Russell, C. A., Lewis, N., . . . Smith, D. J. (2010). Quantifying antigenic relationships among the lyssaviruses. Journal of Virology, 84(22), 11841-11848. doi:10.1128/JVI.01153-10
• Hu, S. C., Hsu, C. L., Lee, M. S., Tu, Y. C., Chang, J. C., Wu, C. H.,… Hsu, W. C. (2018). Lyssavirus in japanese Pipistrelle, Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(4), 782-785. doi:10.3201/eid2404.171696
• Iwata, M., Komori, S., Unno, T., Minamoto, N., & Ohashi, H. (1999). Modification of membrane currents in mouse neuroblastoma cells following infection with rabies virus. British Journal of Pharmacology, 126(8), 1691-1698. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702473
• Jackson, A. C. (2007). Pathogenesis. En W. W. Jackson & W. H. Wunner (Eds.), Rabies (2a. ed., pp. 341-381). San Diego: Academic Press.
• Johnson, N., Vos, A., Freuling, C., Tordo, N., Fooks, A. R., & Muller, T. (2010). Human rabies due to lyssavirus infection of bat origin. Veterinay Microbiology, 142(3-4), 151-159. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.001
• Kotait, I., Carrieri, M. L., Carnieli, P., Galera Castilho, J., de Novaes Oliveira, R., Macedo, C. I.,… Achkar, S. M. (2007). Wildlife reservoirs of rabies virus: A new challenge to a public health. Boletim Epidemiológico Paulista, 4(40), 2-8.
• Liu, Y., Chen, Q., Zhang, F., Zhang, S., Li, N., Lian, H.,. . . Hu, R. (2013). Evaluation of rabies biologics against Irkut virus isolated in China. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 51(11), 3499-3504. doi:10.1128/JCM.01565-13
• Llamas López, L., & Orozco Plascencia, E. (2009). Rabia: Infección viral del sistema nervioso central. Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia, 10(3), 212-219.
• Madhusudana, S. N., Subha, S., Thankappan, U., & Ashwin, Y. B. (2012). Evaluation of a direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT) for rapid diagnosis of rabies in animals and humans. Virologica Sinica, 27(5), 299-302. doi: 10.1007/s12250-012-3265-6
• Malerczyk, C., Freuling, C., Gniel, D., Giesen, A., Selhorst, T., & Muller, T. (2014). Cross-neutralization of antibodies induced by vaccination with Purified Chick Embryo Cell Vaccine (PCECV) against different Lyssavirus species. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 10(10), 2799-2804. doi: 10.4161/21645515.2014.972741
• Martínez-Fonseca, J. G. (2014). Lasiurus cinereus. Murciélago gris [Fotografía]. En Murciélagos de la región metropolitana de Santiago, Chile (p. 31, 51 pp.). Chile: Seremi del Medio Ambiente Región Metropolitana de Santiago-Universidad Santo Tomás-Programa para la Conservación de los Murciélagos de Chile (PCMCh).
• Maton, P. N., Pollard, J. D., & Davis, J. N. (1976). Human rabies encephalomyelitis. British Medical Journal, 1(6017), 1038-1040.
• Nokireki, T., Jakava-Viljanen, M., Virtala, A. M., & Sihvonen, L. (2017). Efficacy of rabies vaccines in dogs and cats and protection in a mouse model against European bat lyssavirus type 2. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 59(1), 64. doi: 10.1186/s13028-017-0332-x
• Nokireki, T., Tammiranta, M., Kokkonen, U.-M., Kantala, T., & Gadd, T. (2018). Tentative novel lyssavirus in a bat in Finland. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65(3), 593-596. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12833
• Oliveira Fahl, W., Estevez García, A. I., Achkar, S. M., Mori, E., Asano, K. M., Iamamoto, K., & Correa Ssheffer, K. (2015). Rabia transmitida por murciélagos en Brasil. Acta Biológica Colombiana, 20(3), 21-35. doi: 10.15446/abc.v20n3.45481
• Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal. (25 de mayo de 2010). La peste bovina no matará más [Comunicado de prensa]. Recuperado de http://www.oie.int/es/para-losperiodistas/comunicados-de-prensa/detalle/article/no-moredeaths-from-rinderpest/
• Passos de Lima, I., dos Reis, N. R., Rodrigues Nogueira, M., & Filho, H. O. (2006). Capítulo 7. Orden Chiroptera. En N. R. Reis, A. L. Peracchi, W. A. Pedro, & I. P. Lima (Eds.), Mamíferos do Brasil (pp. 153-230). Londrina: Universidade Estadual de Londrina.
• Pounder, D. (2003). Bat rabies. BMJ, 326(7392), 726. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7392.726
• Pulmanausahakul, R., Li, J., Schnell, M. J., & Dietzschold, B. (2008). The glycoprotein and the matrix protein of rabies virus affect pathogenicity by regulating viral replication and facilitating cell-to-cell spread. Journal of Virology, 82(5), 2330-2338. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02327-07
• Romano, M. C., Maidagan, J. I., & Pire, E. F. (1999). Behaviour and demography in urban colony of Tadarida brasiliensis (Chiroptera, Molossidae) in Rosario, Argentina. Revista de Biología Tropical, 47(4), 1121-1127.
• Rose, V. L. (1999). CDC issues revised guidelines for the prevention of human rabies. American Family Physician, 59(7), 2007-2008, 2013-2014.
• Ross, E., & Armentrout, S. A. (1962). Myocarditis associated with rabies. Report of a case. The New England Journal of Medicine, 266, 1087-1089. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196205242662105
• Rupprecht, C. E., Barrett, J., Briggs, D., Cliquet, F., Fooks, A. R., Lumlertdacha, B.,. . . Wandeler, A. I. (2008). Can rabies be eradicated? Development in Biologial (Basel), 131, 95-121.
• Rupprecht, C. E., Hanlon, C. A., & Hemachudha, T. (2002). Rabies re-examined. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2(6), 327-343.
• Rupprecht, C. E., Hanlon, C. A., & Slate, D. (2004). Oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: Opportunities and challenges in prevention and control. Developments in Biologicals (Basel), 119, 173-184.
• Rupprecht, C. E., Stöhr, K., & Meredith, C. (2001). Chapter 1. Rabies. En E. S. Williams & I. K. Barker (Eds.), Infectious disease of wild mammals (pp. 3-36). Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
• Secretaría de Salud. (2011). Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-011-SSA2-2011. Diario Oficial de la Federación, 8 de diciembre de 2011.
• __________ (2016). Situación de los casos de rabia canina. Rabia canina en México [Base de datos]. Recuperada de https://www.gob.mx/salud/acciones-y-programas/situacionde-los-casos-de-rabia-canina
• Singh, R., Singh, K. P., Cherian, S., Saminathan, M., Kapoor, S., Manjunatha Reddy, G. B.,. . . Dhama, K. (2017). Rabiesepidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: A comprehensive review. Veterinary Quarterly, 37(1), 212-251. doi: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1343516
• Velasco-Villa A., Escobar, L. E., Sánchez, A., Shi, M., Streicker, D. G., Gallardo-Romero, N. F.,…Emerson, G. (2017a). Successful strategies implemented towards the elimination of canine rabies in the Western Hemisphere. Antiviral Research, 143, 1-12.
doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.023
• Velasco-Villa, A., Mauldin, M. R., Shi, M., Escobar, L. E., Gallardo-Romero, N. F., Damon, I.,…Emerson, G. (2017b). The history of rabies in the Western Hemisphere. Antiviral Research, 146, 221-232. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.013
• Warrell, M. J., & Warrell, D. A. (2004). Rabies and other lyssavirus diseases. The Lancet, 363(9413), 959-969. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15792-9
• Whittaker, R. J., & Jones, S. H. (1994). The role of frugivorous bats and birds in the rebuilding of a tropical forest ecosystem, Krakatau, Indonesia. Journal of Biogeography, 21(3), 245-258. doi: 10.2307/2845528
• World Health Organization. (2010). Updated WHO position paper on rabies vaccines [Documento en pdf]. Recuperado de http://www.who.int/immunization/Rabies_slides_Aug_2010.pdf
• __________ (2013). WHO expert consultation on rabies. Second Report. En WHO Technical Report Series. Switzerland: Autor. Recuperado de http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85346/1/9789240690943_eng.pdf
• __________ (2017). 10 datos sobre la rabia [Serie de diapositivas]. Recuperada de http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/rabies/es/
• Yamaoka, S., Ito, N., Ohka, S., Kaneda, S., Nakamura, H., Agari, T.,…Sugiyama, M. (2013). Involvement of the rabies virus phosphoprotein gene in neuroinvasiveness. Journal of Virology, 12327-12338.
• Yousaf, M. Z., Qasim, M., Zia, S., Khan, M. R., Ashfaq, U. A., & Khan, S. (2012). Rabies molecular virology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Virology Journal, 9, 50. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-9-50
• Zárate-Martínez, D. G., Serrato Díaz, A., & López-Wilchis, R. (2012). Importancia ecológica de los murciélagos. Contacto S, 85, 19-27.
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